IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


;riM  iiM 


11 


12.0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4       1 6 

4 6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


[js- 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 

C    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculde 

I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  narmale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


n 
0 

D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


r"^    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 


D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  in^gale  de  Timpression 


7 


D 


D 


n 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli^  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


D 
D 
D 


includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  i3  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

V 

12X 

15X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

i 

tails 

du 
Ddifier 

une 
inage 


The  copy  filmed  here  hes  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

Douglas  Library 
*  Queen's  University 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la  > 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plot,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commen9ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  >7  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fiimis  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciich^i,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mtthode. 


rrata 
:o 


pelure, 
1  d 


□ 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

'  i. 


'! 


■II 

I  . 


n^. 


if 


."U   S 


si 


Old    ^outi)    llcaflctie? 


No.  0. 


The  Founding 

of 
New  Sweden. 

From  thk  "Histoky  ok  N'kw  Swedkn,"  vy  Israk.i.  AcRKi.irs. 


After  that  the  magnanimous  Genoese,  Christopher  Columbus, 
had,  at  liie  expense  of  Ferdinand,  King  of  Spain,  in  the  year 
1492,  discovered  the  Western  hemisphere,  and  the  illustrious 
Florentine,  Americus  Vespucius,  sent  out  by  King  Emanuel 
of  Portugal,  in  the  year  1502,  to  make  a  further  exploration  of 
its  coasts,  had  had  the  good  fortune  to  give  the  country  his 
name,  the  European  powers  have,  from  time  to  time,  sought  to 
promote  their  several  interests  there.  Our  Swedes  and  Goths 
were  the  less  backward  in  such  expeditions,  as  they  had  always 
been  the  first  therein.  They  had  already,  in  the  year  996 
after  the  birth  of  Christ,  visited  America,  had  named  it  Vin- 
land  the  Good,  and  also  Skrallinga  Land,  and  had  called  its 
inhabitants  "the  Skroiliings  of  Vinland."  It  is  therefore  ev- 
ident that  the  Northmen  had  visited  some  part  of  North 
America  before  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  went  to  South 
America.  But  the  question  is,  VV^hat  would  have  been  thought 
about  Vinland  if  no  later  discoveries  had  been  made,  and  what 
they  thought  about  it  before  the  time  of  Columbus  .<* 

Every  region  in  America  v.as  discovered  in  its  own  separate 
time.  Virginia  was  discovered  in  the  year  1497  by  Sebastian 
Cabot,  a  Portuguese,  who  was  then  the  captain  of  an  English 
ship.  Its  coasts  were  afterwards  visited  by  those  brave 
knights.  Sir  Francis  Drake  and  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  the  latter 
of  whom  called  the  land  Vir(,inia,  after  Queen  Elizabeth  of 
England,  who  lived  unmarried.  Under  this  name  was  in- 
cluded all  the  country  stretching  from  Cape  Florida  to  the  St. 
Lawrence  River,  which  was  formerly  called  Florida,  when  sepa- 
rate names  were  not  yet  given  to  its  coasts.     That  was  done 


i 


■  I;    n 


'  I- 


if  i- 


about  the  year  1584.  Captain  Do  la  Ware,  under  the  com- 
mand of  the  English  Admiral  James  Chartiers,*  was  the  first 
who  discovered  the  bay  in  which  thO  Indian  river  Poutaxat  de- 
bouched, and  gave  his  name,  Delaware,  to  both  the  river  and 
the  bay,  in  the  year  1600.  These  countries  were  repeatedly 
visited  by  the  English :  first  by  those  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  from  IJristol,  in  the  year  1603,  and  afterwards  by  Sir 
G.  Popham  and  Captain  James  Davis,  but  littlu  more  was  ac- 
complished than  that  they  learned  to  know  the  people,  erected 
some  small  places  and  forts,  which,  however,  were  soon  de- 
stroyed by  the  savages.  In  the  year  1606  a  body  of  emigrants 
was  sent  to  the  northern  regions,  by  two  companies,  called  the 
London  and  the  Bristol  Companies.  The  former  settled  south- 
ward on  the  Chesapeake  Bay ;  the  latter,  on  the  Kennebeck,  or 
Sagadahoc  River.  Each  had  its  territorial  rights  secured  by  a 
patent.  In  the  year  1620  a  dispute  arose  between  them  about 
the  fisheries  at  Cape  Cod,  when  a  new  patent  was  given.  The 
Bristol  Company,  which  received  an  accession  of  some  persons 
of  rank  and  distinction,  changed  its  name  to  that  of  the  Plym- 
outh Council,  and  obtained  a  right  to  all  the  lands  lying 
above  the  40th  degree  up  to  the  48th  degree  of  north  latitude, 
which  was  three  degrees  farther  north  than  the  former  grant, 
and  included  the  greater  part  of  Acadia,  or  New  Scotland, 
and  also  extended  westward  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean  :  all  this  was  included  in  New  England.  The  rest  re- 
mained under  Virginia. 

About  the  same  time  the  Hollanders  undertook  to  steal  into 
these  American  harbors.  They  took  a  fancy  to  the  shores  of 
the  bay  called  by  the  Indians  Menahados,  and  the  river  Mo- 
haan.f  Henry  Hudson,  an  Englishman  in  the  service  of  the 
Holland  East  India  Company,  had  first  discovered  those 
places,  and  called  the  bay  after  his  own  name,  Hudson's  Bay. 
This  East  India  Company,  in  the  year  1608,  sold  its  right  to 
the  country,  which  it  based  upon  its  priority  of  discovery,  to 
some  Hollanders.  These  obtained  from  the  States-General  of 
Holland  an  exclusive  privilege  i^privilegium  exclush'um)  to  the 
country,  and  took  the  name  of  "  The  West  India  Company  of 

*[Acrelius  has  been  led  into  this  singular  mistake  by  Campanius,  whom  he  here  follows. 
Cartier  (not  Chartiers)  was  a  Frencli  subject,  and  discovered  the  St,  Lawrence  in  1534.  Lord 
(not  "  captain")  I)e  la  Ware  was  appointed  (iovernor  of  Virginia  in  1610,  and  arrived  at 
Jamestown  on  the  loth  of  June  of  tlie  same  year.  He  probably  entered  the  Delaware  on  his 
way  to  Virginia.     The  reader  will  notice  various  inaccuracies  in  these  early  p.iges.] 

t[  Evidently,  the  Moiiawk,  although  we  do  not  anywhere  else  find  that  river  so  called. 
The  connection  would  indicate  the  Hud.son  River,  but  that  is  never  so  designated,  but  was 
called  by  the  natives  the  Cohatatea  or  Oiogue.] 


Amsterdam."  In  the  year  1610  they  began  to  traffic  with  the 
Indians,  and  in  the  year  1613  built  a  trading-post  {tn(ii^azin)  at 
the  ph\ce  now  called  Albany,  and  in  the  following  year  placed 
some  cannon  there.  Samuel  Argall,  the  (lovernor  of  \'irginia, 
drove  them  out  in  161S  ;  but  King  James  1.  gave  them  permis- 
sion to  remain,  th  it  their  ships  might  obtain  water  there  in 
their  voyages  to  Brazil.  From  that  time  until  1623,*  when  the 
West  India  Company  obtained  its  charter,  their  trade  with  the 
Indians  was  conducted  almost  entirely  on  shipboard,  and  they 
made  no  attempts  to  build  any  house  or  fortress  until  1629. 
Now,  whether  that  was  done  with  or  without  the  permission  of 
Kngland,  the  town  of  New  Amsterdam  was  built  and  fortified, 
as  also  the  pl.\ce  Aurania,  Orange,  now  called  Albany,  having 
since  had  three  general-governors,  one  after  the  other.  But 
that  was  not  yet  enough.  They  wished  to  extend  their  power 
to  the  river  Delaware  also,  and  erected  on  its  shores  two  or 
three  small  forts,  which  wure,  however,  soon  after  destroyed  by 
the  natives  of  the  country. 

It  now  came  in  order  for  Sweden  also  to  take  part  in  this 
enterprise.  William  Usselinx,t  a  Hollander,  born  at  Antwerp 
in  Brabant,  presented  himself  to  King  Gustaf  Adolph,  and  laid 
before  him  a  proposition  for  a  Trading  Company,  to  be  estab- 
lished in  vSweden,  and  to  extend  its  operations  to  Asia,  Africa, 
and  Magellan's  Land  (Terra  Magellanica),  with  the  assurance 
that  this  would  be  a  great  source  of  revenue  to  the  kingdom. 
Full  power  was  given  him  to  carry  out  this  important  proj- 
ect ;  and  thereupon  a  contract  of  trade  was  drawn  up,  to  which 
the  Company  was  to  agree  and  subscribe  it.  Usselinx  pub- 
lished explanations  of  this  contract,  wherein  he  also  particu- 
larly directed  attention  to  the  country  on  the  Delaware,  its 
fertility,  convenience,  and  all  its  imaginable  resources.  To 
strengthen  the  matter,  a  charter  (octroy)  was  secured  to  the 
Company,  and  especially  to  I'sselinx,  who  was  to  receive  a 
royalty  of  one  thousandth  upon  all  articles  bought  or  sold  by 
the  Company. 

The  powerful  king,  whose  zeal  for  the  honor  of  God  was  not 
less  ardent  than  for  the  welfare  of  his  subjects,  availed  himself 
of  this  opportunity  to  extend  the  doctrines  of  Christ  among  the 
heathen,  as  well  as  to  establish  his  own  power  in  other  parts  of 
the  world.     To  this  end,  he  sent  forth  Letters  Patent,  dated  at 

*[The  West  India  Company  obtained  its  ciiarter  June  3,  1621.] 

t(As  early  as  1^)04  Usselinx,  who  was  a  merchant,  proposed  the  formation  of  such  a  com* 
pany  in  Holland.] 


1! 


I  ' 


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ft  t 


1  i 


II'  i 

I'  J         I 

i  ::•     i 


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Stockholm  on  the  2(1  of  July,  1626,  wherein  all,  both  high  and 
low,  were  invited  to  contribute  something  tf)  the  Company,  ac- 
cording to  their  means.  Thj  work  was  completed  in  the  Diet 
of  the  following  year,  1627,  when  the  estates  of  the  realm  gave 
their  assent,  and  confirmed  the  measure.  'I'hose  who  to(jk  part 
in  this  Company  were;  His  Majesty's  mother,  the  Queen  Dow- 
ager Christina,  the  Prince  John  (Jasimir,  the  Rcjyal  Council, 
the  most  distinguished  of  the  nobility,  the  highest  officers  of  the 
army,  the  bishops  and  other  clergymen,  together  with  the  burgo- 
masters and  aldermen  of  the  cities,  as  well  as  a  large  number  of 
the  people  generally.  The  time  fixed  for  paying  in  the  subscrip- 
tions was  the  ist  of  May  of  the  following  year  (1628).  For  the 
management  and  working  of  the  plan  there  were  appointed  an 
admiral,  vice-admiral,  chapman,  under-chapman,  assistants,  and 
commissaries;  also  a  body  of  soldiers  duly  othcered. 

liut  when  these  arrangements  were  now  in  full  progress,  and 
duly  provided  for,  the  German  war  and  the  king's  death  oc- 
curred, which  caused  this  important  work  to  be  laid  aside. 
The  Trading  Company  was  dissolved,  its  subscriptions  nullified, 
and  the  whole  project  seemed  about  to  die  with  the  king.  But, 
just  as  it  appeared  to  be  at  its  end,  it  received  new  life.  An- 
other Hollander,  by  the  name  of  Pkter  Menewe,  sometimes 
called  Menu  EI',*  made  his  appearance  in  Sweden.  He  had 
been  in  the  service  of  Holland  in  America,  where  he  became 
involved  in  difficulties  with  the  officers  of  their  West  India 
Company,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  recalled  h>^.ne  and 
dismissed  from  their  service.  Ikit  he  was  not  discouraged  by 
this,  and  went  over  to  Sweden,  where  he  renewed  the  repre- 
sentations which  Usselinx  had  formerly  made  in  regard  to  the 
excellence  of  the  country  and  the  advantages  that  Sweden 
might  derive  from  it. 

Queen  Christina,  who  succeeded  f  her  royal  father  in  the 
government,  was  glad  to  have  the  project  thus  renewed.  The 
royal  chancellor,  C'ount  Axel  Oxenstierna,  understood  well  how 
to  put  it  in  operation.  He  took  tlie  West  India  Trading  Com- 
pany into  his  own  hands,  as  its  president,  and  encouraged 
other  noblemen  to  take  shares  in  it.  King  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land had  already,  in  the  year  1634,  upon  representations  made 

*r.\n  .lutograpli  leUcr  f  niiul  in  the  rnyal  arcliives  in  .Stockholm  gives  the  name  as  coni- 
niDuh'  written  in  Enjilish,  Minuit.J 

t  [Christina  succeeded  her  father,  tlie  greai  Ciustaf  Adnlph,  in  1^132,  when  only  six  years  of 
age,  and  the  kingdom  remained  under  a  regency  until  she  was  eighteen,  in  if>44.  Consequently, 
she  was  only  eleven  years  of  age  in  1(137,  w-heu  the  American  colony  was  established.] 


by 
repre- 

the 
,eclen 

the 
The 
how 
Corn- 
raged 


as  corn- 
years  of 
quently, 


to  him  by  John  Oxcnstierna,*  at  that  time  Swedish  ainl)assa- 
dor  in  London,  renounced,  in  favor  of  tiie  Swedes,  all  claims 
and  pretensions  of  the  English  to  that  country,  gr(t\ving  out  of 
their  rights  as  its  first  discovi-rers.  Hence  everything  seemed 
to  be  settled  upon  a  firm  foundation,  and  all  earnestness  was 
employed  in  the  prosecution  of  the  plans  for  a  colony. 

As  a  good  beginning,  the  first  colony  was  sent  off  ;  t  and 
I'eter  Menewe  was  placed  over  it,  as  being  best  acquainted  in 
those  regions.  'I'hey  set  sail  from  (lotheborg,  in  a  ship-of-war 
called  the  AVr  of  Colma>\  followed  by  a  smaller  vessel  bearing 
the  name  of  the  />'//v/  (ir/JJin,  both  laden  with  people,  provi- 
sions, ammunition,  and  merchandise,  suitable  for  traffic  and 
gifts  to  the  Indians.  'I'he  ships  successfully  reached  their 
place  of  destination.  The  high  e.xpectations  which  our  emi- 
grants had  of  that  new  land  were  well  met  by  the  first  views 
which  they  had  of  it.  They  made  their  first  landing  on  the 
bay  or  entrance  to  the  river  Poutaxat,  which  they  called  the 
river  of  New  Sweden  ;  and  the  place  where  'diey  landed  they 
called  /'iirat/isi'  J\)int.% 

\  purchase  of  land  was  immediately  made  from  the  Indians; 
and  it  was  determined  that  all  the  land  on  the  western  side  of 
the  river,  from  the  point  called  Cape  Inlopen  or  Hinlopen.>5  up 
to  the  fall  called  Santickan,  and  all  the  country  inland,  as 
much  as  was  ceded,  should  belong  to  the  Swedish  crown  for- 
ever. Posts  were  driven  into  the  ground  as  landmarks,  which 
were  still  seen  in  tht.'ir  places  sixty  years  afterwards.  .\  deed 
was  drawn  up  for  the  land  thus  purchased.  This  was  written 
in  Dutch,  because  no  Swede  was  yet  al)le  to  interpret  the  lan- 
guage of  the  heathen.  The  Indians  subscribed  their  hands 
and  marks.  The  writing  was  sent  home  to  Sweden  to  be  pre- 
served in  the  royal  archives.  Mans  Kling  was  the  surveyor,  j 
He  laid  out  the  land  and  made  a  map  of  the  whole  river,  withi 
its  tributaries,  islands,  and  points,  which  is  still  to  lie  found  in 
the  royal  archives  in  Sweden.  Their  clergyman  was  Reorus 
Torkillus  of  East  Gothland. 

The  first  abode  of  the  newly  arrived  emigrants  was  at  a 
place   called    by  the    Indians    Hopokahacking.     There,  in  the 

*  [Tilt:  brother  of  the  great  Chancellor, ) 

t[In  .Ai:gust,  iC>37.] 

t[In  the  neighborhood  of  what  is  now  Lewes,  in  the  State  of  Delaware.] 

§[Now  Henlopen,  according  to  O'Callaghan  (History  of  New  Netherlands,  i.  73),  orijji- 
nally  called  '^  Hiiid/ofien'"  by  Captain  Cornelius  Mey,  after  a  town  of  the  same  name  in 
Friesland.  Mey  also  pave  his  own  name  to  the  southern  cape  of  New  Jersey,  which  we  now 
call  Cape  May.     He  visited  the  country  about  the  year  1614] 


'r. 


!  ' 


A 


TT 


t 


i* 

j^^' 

W   i. 

'v' 

k-, 

lii 

1 

L 

year  1638,  I'eter  ML-nuet  built  a  fortress  which  he  named  Fort 
(lirislina,  after  the  rei;j;nin<5  (lueeii  of  Sweden.  The  phice,  sit- 
uated upon  tlie  west  side  of  the  river,  was  probably  chosen  so 
as  to  be  out  of  the  way  of  the  Hollanders,  who  claimed  the 
eastern  side, —  a  measure  of  prudence,  until  the  arrival  of  a 
greater  force  from  Sweden.  The  fort  was  built  upon  an  eli- 
gible site,  n(jt  far  from  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  so  as  to  secure 
them  in  the  navigable  water  of  the  Manic|uas,  which  was 
afterwards  called  Christina  Kihl,  or  creek. 

The  country  was  wild  and  uninhabited  by  the  Hollanders. 
'I'hey  had  had  two  or  three  forts  on  the  river, —  Fort  Nassau, 
where  Gloucester  now  stands,  and  another  at  Horekihl,  down 
on  the  bay.  Hut  both  of  these  were  entirely  destroyed  by  the 
Americans,  and  their  occupants  driven  away.  The  following 
extract  from  the  History  of  the  New  Netherlands,  which 
Adrian  van  der  Donck  published  in  the  year  1655,  with  the 
license  and  privilege  as  well  of  the  States-General  as  of  the 
West  India  Company,  will  serve  as  proof  of  what  we  have  said.* 

"  The  place  is  called  Hore-kihl,t  but  why  so  called  we  know 
not.  But  this  is  certain  :  that  some  years  back,  before  the  Eng- 
lish and  the  Swedes  came  hither,  it  was  taken  up  and  settled 
as  a  colony  by  Hollanders,  the  arms  of  the  States  being  at  the 
same  time  set  up  in  brass.  These  arms  having  been  pulled 
down  by  the  villany  of  the  Indians,  the  commissary  there 
resident  demanded  that  the  head  of  the  traitor  should  be  de- 
livered to  him.  The  Indians,  unable  to  escape  in  any  other 
way,  brought  him  the  head,  which  was  accepted  as  a  sufficient 
atonement  of  their  offence.  But  some  time  afterwards,  when 
we  were  at  work  in  the  fields,  and  unsuspicious  of  danger,  the 
Indians  came  as  friends,  surrounded  the  Hollanders  with  over- 
whelming numbers,  fell  upon  them,  and  completely  extermi- 
nated them.  Thus  was  the  colony  destroyed,  though  sealed 
with  blood,  and  dearly  enough  purchased." 

*  Tlie  .luthor  was  more  devoted  to  tlie'lionor  and  interests  of  his  countrymen  than  to  truth 
and  justice.  In  the  passage  quoted  he  j;ives  strong  evidence  directly  tlie  reverse  of  his  inten- 
tion. He  calls  Fort  Nassau  the  first  of  the  four  fortresses  of  the  Hollanders  in  .America, 
which  no  one  can  understand.  He  speak-^^  of  the  colony  at  Hore-kihl  as  quite  considerable, 
altliough  it  consisted  of  very  few  persons  who  undertook  to  settle  there,  and  although, 
twenty-eight  years  afterwards,  when  the  whole  river  was  inuler  the  government  of  the  Hol- 
landers, they  dared  not  erect  there  even  a  small  fort,  witiiout  having  first,  with  great  care, 
made  the  show  of  a  purclia.se  from  the  Indians.  He  makes  Hore-Kilil  like  the  Delaware  in 
depth  and  size,  whicli  no  one  can  notice  without  a  smile. 

t[Horekill  (variously  written  Horeskill,  Hoarkill,  and  Whorekill)  is,  no  doubt,  a  corrup- 
tion of  Hoornkill,  soca'lcd  from  Hoorn,  a  city  in  Holland,  from  which  Captain  Mey  sailed 
upon  his  ex]iedition  to  America,  when  he  discovered,  or  made  his  first  visit,  to  the  Delaware. 
Horekill  was  about  two  leagues  from  Cape  Henlopen,  and  is  probably  the  stream  now  called 
Lewis'  Creek,  in  the  .State  of  Delaware.] 


n 


ialed 


truth 
inten- 
inerica, 
lerable, 
liough, 
Hol- 
>t  care, 
«are  in 


Xotwithstanclinj;  all  this,  the  Hollaiulcrs  believed  that  they 
had  the  best  ri^dit  to  the  Delaware  River;  yea,  a  belter  rij^ht 
than  the  Indians  themselves,  ll  was  their  object  to  secure  at 
least  all  the  land  lyinij  between  said  river  and  theit  city  of  New 
Amsterdam,  where  was  their  stronghold,  and  which  country 
they  once  called  "The  New  Netherlands."  Hut,  as  their  forces 
were  still  too  weak,  they  always  kept  one  or  another  (jf  their 
jX'ople  upon  the  east  side  of  the  river  to  watch  those  who 
might  visit  the  country.  As  soon,  therefore,  as  Menuet  landed 
with  his  Swedish  company,  notice  of  the  fact  was  given  to  the 
Director-Cieneral  of  the  Hollanders  in  New  .Amsterdam.  He 
waited  for  s(jme  time,  until  he  could  ascertain  Menuet's  pur- 
pose ;  but,  when  it  appeared  that  he  was  erecting  a  fortress  for 
the  Swedes,  he  sent  him  the  ff)llowing  j)rotest  :  — 

TiirKsD.w,   May  (>.   163S. 

"I,  William  Kieft,  Director-Oeneral  of  the  New  Nether- 
lands, residing  upon  the  island  of  Manhattan,  in  the  Fort  Am- 
sterdam, under  the  government  belonging  to  the  High  and 
Mighty  States-General  of  the  Tnited  Netherlands,  and  the 
West  India  Company,  chartered  by  the  Council  Chamber  in 
Amsterdam,  make  known  to  you,  Peter  Menuet,  who  style  your- 
self Commander  in  the  service  of  Her  Royal  Majesty,  the 
Queen  of  Sweden,  that  the  whole  South  River  of  the  New 
Netherlands,  both  above  and  below,  hath  already,  for  many 
years,  been  our  property,  occupied  by  our  forts,  and  sealed 
with  our  blood,  which  was  also  done  when  you  were  in  ser- 
vice in  the  New  Netherlands,  and  you  are,  therefore,  well  aware 
of  this.  But  whereas  you  have  now  come  among  our  forts  to 
build  a  fortress  to  our  injury  and  damage,  which  we  shall  never 
permit;  as  we  are  also  assured  that  Her  Royal  Majesty  of 
Sweden  has  never  given  you  authority  to  build  forts  upon  our 
rivers  and  coasts,  nor  to  settle  people  on  the  land,  nor  to  traffic 
in  peltries,  nor  to  undertake  anything  to  our  injury  :  We  do, 
therefore,  protest  against  all  the  disorder  and  injury,  and  all 
the  evil  consequences  of  bloodshed,  uproar,  and  wrong  which 
our  Trading  Company  may  thus  suffer :  And  that  we  shall  pro- 
tect our  rights  in  such  manner  as  we  mav  find  most  advisable." 
Then  follows  the  usual  conclusion. 

In  his  History  of  the  New  Netherlands,  already  cited,  Adrian 
van  der  Donck  likewise  relates  how  protest  was  made  against 
the  building  of  Fort  Christina;  but  there,  also,  he  gives  evi- 


1! 


i! 


I 


I 


s 


j 


dcnce  of  tin.-  weakness  of  the  I  Njll.indLrs  in  the  ri\tr,  on  the 
first  aniviil  of  tlie  Swedes,  and  thai  their  ..iren;,^th  consisted 
ahnost  entirely  in  ^real  words. 

"On  the  ri\er,"  he  says,  '"Hes,  lir>t,  Maniqua's  Kiid,  where 
the  Swedes  have  hiiill  I'ort  Christina,  wliere  tlie  hui;t,'st  ships 
canh)ad  and  unlo.ul  at  the  shore  There  is  another  place  on 
the  river  (ailed  Siiuilkihl,  which  is  also  navi;;able.  That,  also, 
was  (ornierly  under  llie  control  of  th'j  Hollanders,  but  is  now 
mostly  under  the  government  of  tlie  Swedes.  In  that  river 
(  Del.iware)  there  are  various  islands  and  other  places,  f(jrnierly 
belonjiinj;  to  the  Hollanders,  whose  name  they  still  bear,  which 
sutticitMitly  shows  that  the  river  l)elon;;s  to  the  Hollanders,  and 
not  to  the  Swedes.  Their  very  commencement  will  convict 
them.  Ilefore  the  year  16^8,  one  Minnewits,  who  had  formerly 
acted  as  director  for  the  'I'rading  Company  at  Manhatans. 
came  into  the  river  in  the  ship  AVr  of  Colmar,  and  the  yacht 
called  the  BiiJ  Griffin.  He  ga\e  out  to  tlie  Hollander,  Mr. 
van  der  Xederhorst,  the  aj^ent  of  the  West  India  Company  in 
the  South  River,  that  he  was  on  a  V(;yage  to  the  West  India 
Islands,  and  that  he  was  staying  there  to  take  in  wood  and 
water.  Whereu])on  said  Hollander  allowed  him  to  go  free. 
But,  some  time  after,  some  of  our  pecjple  going  thither  found 
him  still  there,  and  he  had  planted  a  garden,  and  the  plants 
were  growing  in  it.  In  astonishment  we  asked  the  reasons  for 
such  procedure,  and  if  he  interided  to  stay  there.  To  which 
he  answered  evasively,  alleging  various  excuses  for  his  con- 
duct. The  third  time  they  found  them  settled  and  building  a 
fort.  Then  we  saw  their  purpose.  As  soon  as  he  was  in- 
formed of  it.  Director  Kieft  protested  against  it,  but  in  vain." 

Thus  Peter  Menuet  made  a  good  beginning  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  Swedish  colony  in  America.  He  guarded  his 
little  fort  f(jr  over  three  years,  and  the  Hollanders  neither  at- 
tempted nor  were  able  to  overthrow  it.  After  some  years  of 
faithful  service  he  died  at  Christina.  In  his  place  followed 
Teter  HoUendare,  a  native  Swede,  who  did  not  remain  at  the 
head  of  its  affairs  more  than  a  year  and  a  half.  He  returned 
hoip.e  to  Sweden,  and  was  a  major  at  Skepsholm,  in  Stock- 
holm, in  the  year  1655. 

The  second  emigration  took  place  under  Lieutenant  Colonel 
John  Printz,  who  went  out  with  the  appointment  of  Governor 
of  New  Sweden.  He  had  a  grant  of  four  hundred  rix  dollars 
for  his  travelling  expenses,  and  one  thousand  two  hundred  dol- 


onel 
rnor 
)llars 
dol- 


lars silver  as  his  annual  salary.  The  Company  w.is  in.tstid 
with  thi'  c'xcUisivo  ])riviU';jo  of  iniportinji;  tohacto  into  SwjiUmi, 
allhou^ii  that  article  was  c\eM  thtii  rcijarckd  as  unnecessary 
and  injurious,  althou;;h  iiuhspensahle  since  the  establishment 
of  the  bad  habit  of  its  usi-,  I'pon  the  same  occasion  was  also 
sent  out  Ma^ister  John  Canipanius  Hohn,  who  was  called  by 
their  excellencies  the  Koyai  Council  and  Admiral  ('lies  I'lem- 
miii}.;,  to  become  the  ^overiujient  chaplain,  and  watch  over  the 
Swedish  conj;rej;ation. 

'I'he  ship  on  which  they  sailed  was  c  died  the  "  I'ama."  it 
went  from  Stockholm  to  (lotlieborj];,  and  there  took  in  its 
frei^'ht.  Alon;^  with  this  went  t^  other  ships  of  the  line,  tlie 
AVi'j//  and  the  Chnrifas,  laden  wiili  people,  and  other  neces- 
saries. Under  (iovernor  I'rintz,  ships  came  to  the  colony  in 
three  distinct  voyaj^es.  The  f".  v  slii,>  was  t'  Jylnck  Cat,  aifh 
ammunition,  and  nerchandise  lor  the  Irilians.  Next,  the  ship 
Snni/i,  on  a  second  voyatic,  with  eini/rants,  in  the  veai  1647. 
Afterwards,  two  odier  ships,  called  the  AVi  and  ///<•  /.,rw/<. 
During  these  times  the  rlL'r'.jynicn,  Mr.  Lawrence  Charles 
Lockenius  and  Mr.  Israel  Holuh,  were  sent  out  to  the  colony. 

The  instructions  for  the  {^'(nxmor  were  as  follow;  : 

"  Instnictioiis,  iiiWrJi/ii^'  to  7i.'//li/i  Jlcr  Royal  Majesty,  our  Most 
Graiioits  Qiui'ii,  7<>i//  /laie  the  Lieutenant  Colonel,  non'  also 
the  appointed  Go-rernor  over  Xeio  Sicwilen,  th'  nohle  and 
ii>eH-l)or/i  ]i'>w>i  Tkint/,  tt>  re:^itlate  himself  as  loell  diirin^^ 
his  i'oya}:;e  as  upon  his  arrival  in  that  eonntry.  (ii/un  at 
Stoehholni,  the  i^th  of  .-li/'^nst,  1642. 

"  Inasmuch  as  some  of  the  subjects  of  Her  Royal  Majesty 
and  of  the  crown  (jf  Sweden  have,  for  some  time  past,  un- 
dertaken to  sail  to  the  coasts  of  the  West  Indies,  and  have 
already  succeeded  in  conquerin<;  and  purchasing  a  consider 
able  tract  of  land,  and  in  promoting  commerce,  with  the 
especial  object  of  extending  the  jurisdiction  and  greatness 
of  Her  Royal  Majesty  and  of  the  Swedish  crown,  and  have 
called  the  country  Nkw  Swkden  ;  wherefore  and  inasmuch  as 
Her  Royal  Majesty  approves  and  fuids  this  their  undertaking 
and  voyaging  not  only  laudable  in  itself,  but  reasonal)le,  and 
likely,  in  the  course  of  time,  to  benefit  and  strengthen  Her 
Royal  Majesty  and  the  Swedish  throne  :  so  has  Her  Royal 
Majesty,  for  the  promotion  of 'that  work  and  for  the  assistance 
of  those  uho  participate  therein,  furnished  them  for  the  making 


lO 


i     I 

'•  j 


.?■■■ 


iii 


J   ■  !  :■        I 


li 


of  that  important  voyage,  and  also  for  the  confirming  and 
strengthening  of  that  important  work  thus  begun  in  New- 
Sweden,  for  said  voyage,  two  ships,  named  the  Fatmx  and  the 
Sjvdf/,  as  well  as  some  other  means  necessary  thereto,  under  a 
certain  Governor,  whom  Her  Majesty  has  provided  with  suffi- 
cient and  necessary  powers,  having  thereunto  appointed  and 
legitimated  Lieutenant  Colonel  John  Printz,  whom  she  has,  ac- 
cordingly, seen  good  to  instruct  upon  the  points  following. 

"  2.  The  ships  above  named  having  proceeded  to  Gotheborg, 
John  Printz,  the  Governor  of  New  Sweden,  shall  now,  without 
any  delay,  take  his  departure  to  said  i)lace,  so  arranging  his 
journey  Ijy  land  that  he  may  reach  there  by  the  first  opportu- 
nity. Going  down  to  Gotheborg,  he  shall  assist  in  ordering 
and  arranging  everything  in  the  best  manner  possible,  and 
especially  in  accordance  with  the  best  regulations  that  the 
members  of  the  company  can  have  made  ;  and  as  concerns  his 
own  person,  and  that  ot  his  attendants,  he  shall  so  arrange  his 
affairs  that  ho  may  immediately,  in  the  month  of  September 
ne.xt  following,  set  sail  from  this  country  and  proceed  to  sea. 

"  3.  Put  either  before,  or  at  the  time  when  the  ships  are 
about  to  set  sail  from  Gotheborg,  the  (Governor  shall  consult 
with  the  skippers  and  officers  of  the  ships,  considering  and  de- 
ciding, according  to  the  state  of  the  wind  and  other  circum- 
stances, whether  he  shall  direct  his  course  to  the  north  of 
Scotland,  or  through  the  channel  between  France  and  England. 

"4.  Under  way,  and  on  the  journey,  he  must  see  to  it  that 
the  officers  and  people  of  the  ships  p^Mform  their  duties  at 
sea  truly  and  faithfully ;  and  in  all  important  and  serious 
matters  he  can  always  avail  himself  of  the  aid  and  counsel  of 
the  persons  aforesaid,  who  usually  form  the  council  of  a  ship; 
he  shall  also  have  every  important  occurrence  carefully  noted, 
causing  a  correct  log  or  journal  thereof  to  be  kept,  of  which, 
also,  he  shall,  by  every  opportunity,  send  hither  a  correct  copy. 

"5.  The  Governor,  God  willing,  having  arrived  in  New 
Sweden,  he  must,  for  his  better  information,  bear  in  mind  that 
the  boundaries  of  the  country  of  which  our  subjects  have  taken 
p  )ssession  extend,  in  virtue  of  the  articles  of  the  contract  en- 
tered into  with  the  wild  inhabitants  of  the  country,  as  its  right- 
ful lords,  from  the  seacoast  at  Cape  Hinlopen,  upwards  along 
the  west  side  of  Godin's  IJay,*   and  so    up  the   Great  South 

*[L'siiaily  written  "  ( lodyn's,"  Delaware  I'ay  being  so  called  by  tlie  Hollanders,  after 
Samuel  tludyn,  wiio,  in  iGiy,  received  a  patent  for  a  large  tract  of  land  there  as  its  patroon.J 


t  i 


II 


(jn- 
.ght- 
long 
outh 


Rixer,"  onwards  to  Minque's  Kil,  where  Fori  Christina  is 
built,  and  thence  still  farther  along  the  South  River,  and  up  to 
a  place  which  the  wild  inhabitants  call  Sankikans.t  where  the 
farthest  boundaries  of  New  Sweden  are  to  be  found.  This 
tract  or  district  of  country  extends  in  length  about  thirty  (30) 
German  miles;  but  in  breadth,  and  into  the  interior,  it  is,  in 
and  by  the  contract,  conditioned  that  Her  Royal  Majesty's  sub- 
jects, and  the  participants  in  this  Company  of  navigators,  may 
hereafter  occupy  as  much  land  as  they  may  desire. 

"6.  Recently,  and  in  the  year  last  past  —  viz.,  1641  — sev- 
eral English  families,  probably  amounting  to  sixty  persons  in  all, 
settled,  and  begun  to  build  and  cultivate  the  land  elsewhere, 
namely,  upon  the  east  side  of  the  above-mentioned  South  River, 
on  a  little  stream  named  Ferken's  Kil ;  so  have  also  the  above- 
named  subjects  of  Her  Majesty,  and  participants  in  the  Com- 
pany, purchased  for  themselves  of  the  wild  inhabitants  of  the 
country  the  whole  of  this  eastern  side  of  the  river,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  aforesaid  great  river  at  Cape  May  up  to  a  stream 
named  Narraticen's  Kil,  which  tract  extends  about  twelve  (12) 
German  miles,  including  also  the  said  Ferken's  Kil,  with  the 
intention  of  thus  drawing  to  themselves  the  English  aforesaid. 
This  purchase  the  Governor  shall  always,  with  all  his  power, 
keep  intact,  and  thus  bring  these  families  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion and  government  of  Her  Royal  Majesty  and  the  Swedish 
crown  ;  especially  as  we  are  informed  that  they  themselves  are 
not  indisposed  thereto ;  and  should  they  be  induced,  as  a  free 
people,  voluntarily  to  submit  themselves  to  a  government  which 
can  maintain  and  protect  them,  it  is  believed  that  they  might 
shortly  amount  to  some  hundred  strong.  But,  however  that 
may  be,  the  Governor  is  to  seek  to  bring  these  English  under 
the  government  of  the  Swedish  crown,  inasmuch  as  Her  R.oyal 
Majesty  finds  it  to  be  thus  better  for  herself  and  the  crown  as 
partners  in  this  undertaking ;  and  they  might  also,  with  good 
reason,  be  driven  out  and  away  from  said  place ;  therefore  Her 
Most  Royal  Majesty  aforesaid  will  most  graciously  leave  it  to 
the  discretion  of  Governor  Printz  so  to  consider  and  act  in  the 
premises  as  can  be  done  with  propriety  and  success. t 

"[Tlie  river  Delaware.] 

1  [Trenton  Falls,  ninety  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Delaware  I'ay] 

t[It  is  not  known  whence  these  Knelish  settlers  came,  or  the  precise  time  of  their  cominp. 
Ferris,  in  his  "  History  of  the  Original  Settlements  on  the  Delaware,"  says  that  it  was  m 
1^)40,  and  adds,  "  Some  have  supposed  they  were  squatters  from  New  Haven;  some,  adventur- 
crs  fiom  Maryland;  and  others,  the  pioneers  of  Sir  Kdmund  I'loyden."  ] 


I 


:     ' 


r  i^ 


ri 

ll 


i 


•  I  •  i .1  ■ 


12 


"7,  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  Holland  West  India  Com- 
pany will  seek  to  appropriate  to  themselves  the  place  afore- 
said, and  the  large  tract  of  land  upon  which  the  English  have 
settled,  and  the  whole  of  the  abcjve-named  east  side  of  the 
Great  South  River,  and  that  so  much  the  rather  as  their  fort 
or  fortification  of  Nassau,  which  they  have  manned  wiih  about 
twenty  (20)  men,  is  not  very  far  therefrom,  upon  the  same 
eastern  side  of  the  river ;  just  as  they  also  make  pretensions  to 
the  whole  western  side  of  the  aforesaid  South  River,  and,  con- 
sequently, to  all  that  of  which  our  subjects  aforesaid  have 
taken  possession,  which  they  have  seized,  relying  upon  their 
Fort  Nassau,  whereby  they  would  take  possession  of  the  whole 
South  River,  and  of  the  whole  country  situated  upon  both  sides 
of  the  same  river.  It  is  for  this  that  they  have  protested 
against  the  beginning  which  her  before-mentioned  INIajesty's 
subjects  have  made  in  settling  and  building ;  and,  so  far  as 
they  could,  have  always  opposed  and  sought  to  pre\ent  our 
people  from  going  up  the  South  River  and  past  their  P'ort 
Nassau.  Therefore  shall  the  Governor  take  measures  for  meet- 
ing the  agents  and  participants  of  said  Holland  West  India 
Company  in  a  proper  manner  ;  and  with  mildness,  but  firmly, 
remonstrate,  and  make  known  to  them  the  upright  intentions 
of  Her  Royal  Majesty  and  her  subjects  in  the  premises,  that 
nothing  has  herein  been  sought,  or  is  now  sought,  other  than  a 
free  opening  for  commerce;  that  Her  Royal  Majesty's  subjects 
have,  in  a  just  and  regular  manner,  purchased  of  the  proper 
owners  and  possessors  of  the  country  that  district  of  which 
they  have  taken  possession,  and  which  they  have  begun  to  cul- 
tivate ;  and  that  they  cannot,  therefore,  without  injustice,  op- 
pose Her  Royal  Majesty  or  her  subjects,  or  seek  to  disturb 
them  in  their  possessions  without  doing  them  great  injury. 
But  should  the  same  Holland  Company,  contrary  to  all  better 
hopes,  allow  themselves  to  undertake  any  hostility,  or  make 
any  attack,  then,  in  such  case,  it  will  only  be  proper  to  be  pre- 
pared with  the  best  means  that  circumstances  will  allow,  and 
so  seek  to  repel  force  by  force  ;  therefore,  as  this,  like  every- 
thing else,  is  best  judged  of  and  decided  on  the  ground,  so 
also  does  Her  Royal  Majesty  place  it  in  the  Governor's  discre- 
tion to  meet  such  vexations,  in  the  first  instance,  with  kind 
admonitions,  but,  if  these  are  not  effective,  then  with  severity, 
according  to  the  best  of  his  understanding,  so  as  to  arrange 
everything  to  the    best   advantage    and    honor    alike   of    Her 


pre- 
and 
ery- 
so 
cre- 
ind 
rity, 
Unge 
Her 


Royal  Majesty  and  the  members  of  the  Company.  But  if  no 
such  troubles  arise,  which  it  is  hoped  will  be  the  case,  and  Her 
Royal  Majesty  and  her  sulijects  remain  undisturbed  in  that 
which  they  have  rightfully  brought  into  their  possession,  then 
shall  the  Governor  hold  good  friendship  and  neighborhood 
with  the  aforesaid  Hollanders  at  Fort  Nassau,  and  with  tlicise 
who  dwell  upon  the  North  River  at  Mankatan's,  or  New  Am- 
sterdam, as  also  with  the  English  who  dwell  in  the  country  of 
Virginia,  and  make  no  inroads  upon  any  of  them,  nor  interfere 
with  that  of  which  they  are  in  the  actual  possession.  Espe- 
cially, since  the  adjacent  English  in  Virginia  have  already 
commenced  to  offer  Her  Royal  Majesty's  subjects  in  New 
Sweden  all  kinds  of  useful  assistance,  and  to  let  them  procure, 
upon  reasonable  payment,  such  cattle  and  seed-corn  as  they 
may  desire  ;  therefore  shall  the  Governor  continually  seek  to 
give  free  and  undisturbed  course  to  the  correspondence  and 
commerce  thus  begun  with  the  English,  to  the  use  and  benefit 
of  Her  Royal  Majesty's  subjects  aforesaid. 

"  8.  Those  Hollanders  who  have  emigrated  to  New  Sweden, 
and  settled  there  under  the  protection  of  Her  Royal  Majesty 
and  the  Swedish  crown,  over  whom  Jost  von  dem*Boyandh  has 
command,  the  Governor  shall  treat,  according  to  the  contents 
of  the  charter  and  privileges  conferred  by  Her  Royal  Majesty, 
of  the  principles  whereof  the  (iov^irnor  has  been  advised  ;  but 
in  other  respects  he  shall  show  them  all  good-will  and  kind- 
ness, yet  so  that  he  shall  hold  them  also  to  the  same,  that  they, 
also,  upon  their  side,  comply  with  the  requisitions  of  their 
charter  which  they  have  received.  And  inasmuch  as  notice 
has  already  been  given  them  that  they  have  settled  too  near  to 
Fort  Christina,  and  as  houses  are  said  to  be  built  at  the  dis- 
tance of  almost  three  miles  from  that  place,  they  should  there- 
fore leave  that  place,  and  betake  themselves  to  a  somewhat 
greater  distance  from  the  said  fort.  So  also  does  Her  Royal 
Majesty  leave  it  to  the  good  pleasure  and  prudence  of  the 
Governor,  when  on  the  ground,  duly  to  consider  the  deport- 
ment of  said  Hollanders  and  the  situation  of  the  place  of 
which  they  have  taken  possession  ;  and,  according  to  his  judg- 
ment, either  let  them  remain  there  quietly  or  make  such  a 
disposition  and  settlement  of  the  matter  as  he  shall  find  most 
suitable  and  advantageous  to  Her  Royal  Majesty  and  the  par- 
ticipants in  said  Company  of  navigation. 

"9.  The  wild  nations,  bordering   upon   all   other  sides,  the 


I 

i    i 


'1 


I 


Si 


!;i 


14 

Governor  shall  understand  how  to  treat  with  all  humanity  and 
respect,  that  no  violence  or  wrong  be  done  to  them  by  Her 
Royal  Majesty  or  her  subjects  aforesaid ;  but  he  shall  rather, 
at  every  opportunity,  exert  himself  that  the  same  wild  people 
may  gradually  be  instructed  in  the  truths  and  worship  of  the 
Christian  religion  and  in  other  ways  brought  to  civilization  and 
good  government,  and  in  this  manner  properly  guided.  Espe- 
cially shall  he  seek  to  gain  their  confidence,  and  impress  upon 
their  minds  that  neither  he,  the  Governor,  nor  his  people  and 
subordinates  are  come  into  those  parts  to  do  them  any  wrong 
or  injury,  but  much  more  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  them 
Avith  such  things  as  they  may  need  for  the  ordinary  wants  of 
life  ;  artd  so,  also,  for  such  things  as  are  found  among  them 
which  they  themselves  cannot  make  for  their  own  use,  or  buy, 
or  exchange.  Therefore  shall  the  Governor  also  see  thereto  that 
the  people  of  Her  Royal  Majesty,  or  of  the  Company  who  are 
engaged  in  trading  in  those  parts,  allow  the  wild  people  to  obtain 
such  things  as  they  need,  at  a  price  somewhat  more  moderate 
than  they  are  getting  them  of  the  Hollanders  at  P'ort  Nassau,  or 
the  adjacent  English ;  so  that  said  wild  people  may  be  with- 
drawn from  them,  and  be  so  much  the  more  won  to  our  people. 

"  ID.  In  regard  to  the  Governor's  place  of  residence.  Her 
Royal  Majesty  leaves  it  to  him  to  provide  and  choose  the  same 
according  as  he  finds  the  case  to  be  in  the  place,  or  it  can  be 
continued  where  it  now  is,  and  the  residence  arranged  and 
ordered  in  the  most  convenient  manner  possible ;  in  like 
manner  shall  the  Governor  also  provide  a  suitable  place  for  a 
fortress,  either  at  Cape  Henlopen  or  the  island  called  "James' 
Island,"  or  wherever  else  a  good  site  for  the  same  may  be 
found :  wherein  he  has  especially  to  keep  in  view  these  con- 
siderations above  all  others,  namely,  that  by  such  a  fortifica- 
tion it  should  be  possible  to  close  up  the  South  River,  having  it 
commanded  by  the  same  fortress,  and  that  there  should  also  be 
found  there,  without  great  difficulty,  a  suitable  harbor  wherein 
the  ships  of  Her  Royal  Majesty  and  her  subjects  could  be  in 
security,  and,  if  need  so  were,  continue  to  lie  there  over  winter. 

"11.  And  if  the  Governor  does  not  find  it  necessary  at  once 
and  hastily  to  fortify  another  new  place,  but  can  for  the  present 
properly  defend  himself  by  Fort  Christina,  then  shall  he  so 
much  the  more  zealously  at  once  arrange  and  urge  forward 
agriculture  and  the  improvement  of  the  land,  setting  and 
urging  the  people  thereto  with  zeal  and  energy,  exerting  him- 


:,i| 

f 

:fj 

i'-''' 

1 

ip 

w 

i 

i; 

P": 

1 

i 

1^ 

1^ 

i 

15 

self  above  all  other  thinpjs  that  so  much  seed-corn  may  be 
committed  to  the  ground  that  the  people  may  derive  from  it 
their  necessary  food. 

"  12,  Next  to  this,  he  shall  pay  the  necessary  attention  to  the 
culture  of  tobacco,  and  appoint  thereto  a  certain  number  of  labor- 
ers, so  arranging  that  the  produce  may  be  large,  more  and  more 
being  set  out  and  cultivated  from  time  to  time,  so  that  he  can 
send  over  a  good  quantity  of  tobacco  on  all  ships  coming  hither. 

"  13.  'J'hat  better  arrangements  may  be  made  for  the  produc- 
tion of  cattle,  both  great  and  small,  the  Governor  shall  at  once 
exert  himself  to  obtain  a  good  breed  of  cattle  of  all  kinds,  and 
especially  of  that  which  is  sent  out  from  this  country,  and  also 
seek  to  obtain  a  supply  from  the  neighboring  English,  dividing 
everything  with  those  who  will  use  and  employ  it  in  agriculture 
in  exchange  for  seed,  and  with  such  prudence  as  he  shall  find 
most  serviceable  to  the  members  of  the  Company. 

"  14.  Among  and  above  other  things,  he  shall  direct  his  at- 
tention to  sheep,  to  obtain  them  of  good  kinds,  and,  as  soon  as 
may  be,  seek  to  arrange  as  many  sheep-folds  as  he  conven- 
iently can,  so  that  presently  a  considerable  supply  of  wool  of 
good  quality  may  be  sent  over  to  this  country. 

"15.  The  peltry-trade  with  the  natives  he  shall,  also,  so  far 
as  possible,  seek  to  sustain  in  a  good  state,  exercise  a  careful 
inspection  of  all  engaged  in  it,  prevent  all  frauds  in  estab- 
lished commissions,  and  take  care  that  Her  Royal  Majesty  and 
her  subjects,  and  the  members  of  the  Company,  may  have 
reason  to  expect  good  returns  for  their  cargoes.  In  like 
manner,  he  shall  provide  that  no  other  persons  whatever  be 
permitted  to  traffic  with  the  natives  in  peltries ;  but  this  trade 
shall  be  carried  on  only  by  persons  thereto  appointed  in  the 
name  of  the  whole  Company,  and  in  its  ways. 

'*  16.  Whatever  else  it  may  at  present  be  necessary  to  do  in 
that  country  will  be  best  committed  to  the  hands  of  the  Gov- 
ernor in  the  country,  according  to  the  circumstances  of  the 
time  and  place ;  more  especially  as  the  same  land  of  New 
Sweden  is  situated  in  the  same  climate  with  Portugal ;  so, 
apparently,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  salt-works  might  be  ar- 
ranged on  the  sea  coasts.  But,  if  the  salt  could  not  be  perfectly 
evaporated  by  the  heat  of  the  sun,  yet,  at  the  least,  the  salt  water 
might  be  brought  to  such  a  grade  that  it  might  afterwards  be  per- 
fectly condensed  by  means  of  fire,  without  great  labor  or  expense  : 
which  the  Governor  must  consider,  and  make  such  experiment, 
and,  if  possible,  put  it  into  operation  and  make  it  effective. 


i6 


ll 


i  •' 


"17.  And,  as  almost  everywhere  in  the  forests  wild  grape- 
vines and  grapes  are  found,  and  the  climate  seems  io  be  favor- 
able to  the  production  of  wine,  so  shall  the  (Governor  also  di- 
rect his  thoughts  to  the  timely  introduction  of  this  culture,  and 
what  might  herein  be  devised  and  effected. 

"  18.  He  can  also  have  careful  search  made  everywhere  as 
to  whether  any  metals  or  minerals  are  to  be  found  in  the 
country,  and,  if  any  are  discovered,  send  hither  correct  infor- 
mation, and  then  await  further  orders  from  this  place, 

"  19.  Out  of  the  abundant  forests,  the  Governor  shall  exam- 
ine and  consider  how  and  in  what  manner  profit  may  be  de- 
rived from  the  country ;  especially  what  kind  of  advantages 
may  be  expected  from  oak-trees  and  walnut-trees,  and  whether 
a  good  quality  of  them  might  be  sent  over  here  as  ballast.  So 
also  it  might  be  examined  whether  oil  might  not  be  advantage- 
ously pressed  out  of  the  walnuts. 

"20.  The  Governor  shall  likewise  take  into  consideration 
and  correctly  inform  himself  how  and  where  fisheries  might  be 
most  profitably  established ;  especially  as  it  is  said  that  at  a 
certain  season  of  the  year  the  whale  fishery  can  be  advantage- 
ously prosecuted  in  tiie  aforesaid  Godin's  P)ay,  and  adja- 
cently; he  shall  therefore  have  an  eye  upon  this  and  send  over 
hither  all  needed  information  as  to  what  can  be  done  in  this 
and  other  matters  connected  with  the  country,  and  what  further 
hopes  may  be  entertained  in  reference  thereto. 

"21.  The  Governor  shall  also  carefully  inquire  and  inform 
himself  in  regard  to  the  food  and  convenience  for  keeping  a 
great  number  of  silkworms,  wherewith  a  manufacture  might  be 
established;  and,  if  he  discovers  that  something  useful  might 
thus  be  accomplished,  he  shall  take  measures  for  the  same. 

"22.  Whatever  else  could  be  done  in  connection  with  the 
successful  cultivation  of  the  land,  but  cannot  be  introduced  just 
for  the  present,  this  Her  Royal  Majesty  will  graciously  ha\e  en- 
trusted to  the  fidelity,  foresight,  and  zcai  of  the  Governor,  with 
the  earnest  command  and  admonition  that  he  seek  in  all  mat- 
ters to  uphold  the  service  and  dignity  of  Her  Royal  Majesty 
and  the  crown  of  Sweden,  as  also  to  promote  the  advantage  and 
interest  of  the  members  of  the  Company,  in  the  conservation 
of  the  same  land  of  New  Sweden,  its  culture  in  every  way  pos- 
sible, and  the  increase  of  its  profitable  commerce. 

"  23.  But,  far  above  all  this,  as  to  what  belongs  to  the  politi- 
cal government  and   administration   of    justice,  everything   of 


m 


'M      : 


17 


inform 

)ing  a 

;ht  be 

might 

me. 


ige  and 


politi- 
ing   of 


this  kind  must  be  conducted  under  the  name  (jf  Her  Royal 
Majesty  and  the  crown  of  Sweden,  for  no  less  reason  than  that 
the  country  enjoys  the  protection  of  Her  Royal  Majc-sty  and  of 
the  crown,  and  that  the  interest  of  the  crown  is  in  the  highest 
degree  involved  in  the  protection  of  that  country,  its  cultivation, 
and  active  trade  and  commerce.  'I'o  give  the  Governor  spe- 
cific information  herein  cannot  so  well  and  effectually  be  done 
at  so  great  a  distance  ;  it  must  therefore  be  left  to  his  own  dis- 
cretion and  good  sense  that  he  upon  the  ground  provide,  ar- 
range, and  execute  whatever  conduces  to  bring  matters  into 
good  order  and  a  j^roper  constitution,  according  as  he  hnds  the 
necessities  of  the  time  and  place  to  require.  At  first,  and  luitil 
matters  can  be  brought  into  a  belter  form,  the  Governor  may 
use  his  own  seal,  but  in  a  somewhat  larger  form,  in  briefs,  con- 
tracts, correspondence,  and  other  written  documents  of  a 
public  character. 

"24.  He  shall  decide  all  matters  of  controversy  which  may 
arise,  according  to  Swedish  law  and  right,  custom  and  usage ; 
but  in  all  other  matters,  also,  so  far  as  possible,  he  shall  adopt 
and  employ  the  laudable  customs,  habits,  and  usages  of  this 
most  praiseworthy  realm. 

"25.  He  shall  also  have  power,  through  the  necessary  and 
proper  means  of  compulsion,  to  bring  to  obedience  and  a  quiet 
life  the  turbulent  and  disorderly,  who  will  not  live  quietly  and 
peacefully,  and  especially  gross  offenders,  who  may  possibly 
be  found;  he  may  punish,  not  only  with  imprisonment  and  the 
like  duly  proportioned  means  of  correction,  but,  also,  accord- 
ing to  their  mi.-ideeds  or  crimes,  with  the  loss  of  life  itself,  yet 
not  in  any  other  than  the  usual  manner,  and  after  the  proper 
hearing  and  consideration  of  the  case,  with  the  most  respecta- 
ble people  and  the  most  prudent  associate  judges  who  can  be 
found  in  the  country  as  his  counsellors. 

"26.  Above  all  things,  shall  the  Governor  consider  and  see 
to  it  that  a  true  and  due  worship,  becoming  honor,  laud,  and 
praise  be  paid  to  the  Most  High  (iod  in  all  things,  and  to  that 
end  all  proper  care  shall  be  taken  that  divine  service  be  zeal- 
ously performed,  according  to  the  unaltered  Augsburg  Confes- 
sion, the  Council  of  Upsala,  and  the  ceremonies  of  the  Swedish 
Church;  and  all  persons,  but  especially  the  young,  shall  be 
duly  instructed  in  the  articles  of  their  C  hristian  faith;  and  all 
good  church  discipline  shall,  in  like  manner,  be  duly  exercised 
and  received.     But  so  far  as  relates   to  the  Holland  colonists 


|i  :: 


.6 


ul 


if 


li 


i 

!"■    ! 

'    \  • 

\l 

'  '■ 

M 

It",.' 

i 

that  live  and  settle  under  the  government  of  Her  Royal  Majesty 
and  the  Swedish  crown,  the  Governor  shall  not  disturb  them 
in  the  indulgence  granted  them  as  to  tiie  exercise  of  the  Re- 
formed religion  according  to  the  aforesaid  Royal  Charter. 

"  27.  In  all  else  which  cannot  here  be  set  down  in  writing, 
the  (iovernor  shall  conduct  himself  as  is  suitable  and  becoming 
to  a  faithful  patriot,  and  take  into  due  consideration  whatever 
is  correspondent  to  his  ofifice,  according  to  the  best  of  his 
understanding  and  with  the  greatest  zeal  and  care,  also  regu- 
lating himself  in  accordance  with  that  which  may  be  here  com- 
municated to  him  by  word  of  mouth ;  and  there  is  herewith 
given  him  a  special  list  of  the  people  who  accompany  him,  and 
of  the  means  and  equipment  of  his  office. 

"  28.  Finally,  Her  Royal  Majesty  is  also  well  satisfied  that 
the  said  office  of  his  government  shall  continue  and  exist  for 
three  years,  after  the  lapse  of  which  he,  the  said  John  Printz, 
shall  be  free  to  return  hither  again,  after  the  necessary  arrange- 
ments have  been  made  in  regard  to  his  successor,  or  some  sub- 
stitute in  the  said  service.  Should  he,  the  said  John  Printz, 
have  a  desire  to  continue  longer  in  this  charge,  he  shall  have 
the  preference  over  others  therefor,  provided  that  the  advan- 
tage and  service  of  Her  Majesty  and  the  crown,  and  of  the 
Company,  so  demand.     Given  as  above. 

"  Paehr  Brahe,  Herman  Wrangel, 

Claes  Flemming,     Axel  Oxenstierna, 
Gabriel  Ben;;tsson  Oxensteirna.* 

And.  Gvllexki.ou."  t 

The  voyage  to  New  Sweden  was  at  that  time  quite  long. 
The  watery  way  to  the  West  was  not  yet  well  discovered,  and, 
therefore,  for  fear  of  the  sand-banks  off  Newfoundland,  they 
kept  their  course  to  the  east  and  south  as  far  as  to  what  were 
then  called  the  Brazates.l  The  ships  which  went  under  the 
command  of  Governor  Printz  sailed  along  the  coast  of  Port- 
ugal, and  down  the  coast  of  Africa,  until  they  found  the 
eastern    passage,  then  directly  over  to    America,  leaving    the 

*[Tliesefive  names  are  historical.  Tliey  formed  at  that  time  the  Swedisli  Council  uf 
State,  who  carried  on  the  government  immediately  after  the  death  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  and 
during  tiie  minority  of  his  daughter  Christina,  who  was  not  quite  six  years  old  at  the  time  of 
her  father's  death  (Nov.  6,  1632),  and,  conseqently,  in  her  seventeenth  year  at  the  date  of  this 
document.  She  ascended  the  throne  as  actual  sovereign  on  her  eighteenth  birthday;  namely, 
Dec.  (\  i''m4-  Tiie  .'Swedish  colony  in  America  was,  undoubtedly,  the  work  of  the  great 
Chancellor  A.xel  Oxenstiern,  though  first  suggested  by  Gustavus  Adolphus.] 

t  [Gyllenklou  was  secretary  of  the  Council.] 

t  [The  Azores?] 


«9 


i 


t 

;  long. 

1,  and, 

they 

were 

er  the 

Port- 

d  the 

g    the 


Canaries*  high  i;p  to  the  nor.h.  'I'hey  landed  at  Antigua, 
then  continu^'d  their  voyage  northward,  past  \'irgini;v  and 
Maryland,  to  Cape  Hinlopjn.  Vet,  in  view  of  the  astonisii- 
ingly  long  route  which  they  took,  the  voyage  was  (luick  enough 
in  six  m  )n'hs'  time, —  from  Stockhohn  on  August  i6,  1642,  to 
the  new  fcjrt  of  Christina,  in  New  Sweden,  on  February  15,  1643. 

The  Swedes  wh  )  emigrated  to  America  belonged  partly  to  a 
trading  ci^mpany,  provided  with  a  charter,  who,  for  their  ser- 
vices, according  to  their  condition  or  agreement,  were  to 
receive  pay  and  monthly  wages  ;  a  part  of  them  also  went  at 
their  own  impulse  to  try  their  fortune.  lor  these  it  was  free 
to  settle  and  live  in  the  country  as  long  as  they  pleased  or  to 
leave  it,  and  they  were  therefore,  by  way  of  distinction  from 
the  others,  called  freemen.  At  fust,  also,  malefactors  and 
vicious  people  were  sent  over,  who  were  used  as  slaves  to  labor 
upon  the  fortifications.  They  were  kept  in  chains  and  not  al- 
lowed to  have  intercourse  with  the  other  settlers ;  moreover,  a 
separate  place  of  abode  was  assigned  to  them.  The  neighbor- 
ing people  and  country  were  dissatisfied  that  such  wretches 
should  come  into  the  colony.  It  was  also,  in  fact,  very  objec- 
tionable in  regard  to  the  heathen,  who  might  be  greatly  of- 
fended by  it.  Whence  it  happened  that,  when  such  persons 
came  over  in  Governor  Printz's  time,  it  was  not  permitted  that 
one  of  them  should  set  foot  upon  the  shore,  but  they  had  all  to 
be  carried  back  again,  whereupon  a  great  part  of  them  died 
during  the  voyage  or  perished  in  some  other  way.  Afterwards 
it  was  forbidden  at  home  in  Sweden,  under  a  penalty,  to  take 
for  the  American  voyige  any  persons  of  bad  fame;  nor  was 
there  ever  any  lack  of  good  people  for  the  colony. 

Governor  Printz  was  now  in  a  position  to  put  the  govern- 
ment upon  a  safe  footing  to  maintain  the  rights  of  the  Swedes, 
and  to  put  down  the  attempts  of  the  Hollanders.  They  had 
lately,  before  his  arrival,  patched  their  little  Fort  Nassau.  On 
this  account  he  selected  the  island  of  Tenackong  as  his  resi- 
dence, which  is  sometimes  also  called  Tutaeaenung  and  Ten- 
icko,  about  three  Swedish  miles  from  F'ort  Christina.  The 
convenient  situation  of  the  place  suggested  its  selection,  as 
also  the  location  of  Fort  Nassau, t  which  lay  some  miles  over 

*(If  they  sailed  due  west  to  Antigua,  they  must  have  gone  down  soutli  u>  the  latitude  of 
the  Cape  de  Verde  Islands.] 

t[Fort  Nassau  was  built  near  the  mouth  of  Timber  Creek,  below  Clloucester  Point  in 
New  Jersey.  It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Conielius  Mey,  in  1623  ;  but  when  visited  by 
De  Vnes,  ten  years  afterward  (Jan.  5,  1633),  it  was  in  the  possession  of  the  Indians,  among 
whom  he  was  afraid  to  land.  We  have  no  evidence  that  the  fort  was  reoccupied  by  the  Dutch 
before  the  establishment  of  the  Swedish  colony  in  163S. 


20 


against  it,  to  which  he  could  thus  command  the  p:\ssajj;e  by 
water.  'I'lie  new  fort,  which  was  erected  and  jirovided  with 
considerable  armament,  was  called  New  (ibtheborg.  His 
place  of  residence,  which  he  adornt-d  with  orchards,  gardens, 
a  pleasure-house,  etc.,  he  named  Printz  Hall.  A  handsome 
wooden  church  was  also  built  at  the  same  place,  which  Ma- 
gister  fampanius  consecrated,  on  the  last  great  prayer-day 
which  was  celebrated  in  New  Sweden,  on  the  4th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1646.  Upon  that  place  also  all  the  most  prominent 
freemen  had  their  residences  and  plantations. 


m. 


ii'iJ'S    '-    if 


Rev.  Fsmel  Acrclius,  from  wliose  "  History  of  New  Swedtn  "  tlie  account  of  tlie  found- 
ing (if  .New  Sweden  given  in  tlie  present  leaflet  is  taken,  was  provost  over  the  Swedish  con- 
greg.itions  in  America  and  pastor  of  the  churcli  at  Christina  from  17.(1^  to  1756.  The  greater 
part  of  his  book,  a  large  work  of  over  four  hundred  pai;es,  is  devoted  to  the  later  history  of 
the  Swedes  on  the  Delav.are;  but  the  first  part  contains  the  most  complete  and  accurate 
account  of  the  settlement  which  iiad  been  until  that  time  (i75!>)  published.  His  work  was 
translated  by  Rev.  William  M.  Reynolds,  with  many  additional  notes,  and  published  in  the 
"Memoirs  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,"  vol.  xi.  (1^74). 

Half  a  century  before  Airelius  wrote,  in  1702,  Thomas  Campanius  Holm  published  his 
"  Short  Description  of  the  Province  of  New  .Sweden."  The  writer  was  a  grandson  of  the 
Kev.  Johan  Campanius  Holm,  who  accompanied  Governor  Printz  to  New  Sweden;  and  his 
work,  which  was  enriched  by  maps  and  drawings,  has  great  historical  value.  It  was  trans- 
lated by  Peter  .S.  Du  Ponceau,  LL.  1).,  and  published  in  the  "Memoirs  of  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania,''  vol.  iii.,  Part  I.,  1834. 

The  chapter  on  New  Sweden  in  the  "  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,"  vol. 
iv.,  the  best  general  account,  was  written  by  Gregory  B.  Keen;  and  his  bibliography  is  very 
valuable.  There  is  much  relating  to  New  Sweden  in  the  histories  of  1  )elaware  and  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  and  Bancroft  and  the  vanous  g..;neral  American  histories  detail  briefly  the  fortunes  of 
the  colony  down  to  1655,  when  Peter  .Stuy  vesant  sailed  into  the  Delaware  from  New  Amster- 
dam, with  a  force  of  six  hundred  men  and  more,  and  took  possession  for  Holland.  "Such 
was  the  end  of  New  Sweden,  the  colony  that  connects  our  country  with  Gustavus  .Adolphus 
and  the  nations  that  dwell  on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia." 


I    \f 


saj,'e  by 
ed  with 
;.  His 
wardens, 
indsonic 
icii  Ma- 
ayer-day 
of  Sep- 
ominent 


{  tlie  foiind- 
iwedish  con- 
'I'lie  greater 
ter  history  of 
and  accurate 
lis  w(irk  was 
lislied  iti  the 

)iiblished  his 
ndson  ot  tlie 
;len ;  and  liis 
It  was  trans- 
le  Historical 


nierica,  vol. 
;raphy  is  very 
and  Pennsyl- 
le  fortunes  of 
New  Amster- 
and.  "Such 
us  Adolphus 


